Edit: added link [0] to lensrentals.com story about gear damaged during solar eclipse of 2017.

Your cell phone camera has a wide angle lens. it's at the longer focal lengths where one might expect sensor damage, or even melt the curtains of shooting directly into the sun when high above horizon.

[0] https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2017/09/rental-camera-gear-...

Your cellphone camera lens likely doesn’t have the requisite light-gathering capacity to burn out the CMOS image sensor in your phone. CCDs (commonly used in DSLR/M43 cameras) are far more sensitive, as I understand it.

I don't believe DSLRs or M43 cameras have used CCDs since last decade.

The Pentax 645D, introduced in 2010, is a DSLR with a CCD sensor. But yes, it is extremely rare.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_645D

Why do modern cameras use CMOS if CCD is more sensitive?

I guess the answer will be "because it's cheaper to manufacture", but is there any other reason?

Most DSLRs these days use CMOS sensors.